Systems theory is an alternative approach to understanding, managing and planning organizations. Employee relations is a human resources discipline concerned with strengthening ties between employers ...

Open system theory is a biological theory that has been adapted to business organizational structure theories. It may seem odd that biology has anything to do with business, but the theory recognizes ...

This study examines the correlation between a Culture of Patient Safety as measured by hospital staff surveys and actual patient harm attributed to hospital performance. It is generally accepted by ...

A management model that reflects reality The contingency approach mirrors how organisations actually function—not how textbooks wish they did. By recognising that context shapes effectiveness, it ...