Simply put, these instruments seek to spare civilians and others who are no longer active combatants from the effects of hostilities by placing restrictions and prohibitions on the conduct of warfare.

Smoke rising from buildings in Gaza after retaliatory Israeli air strikes on October 15, 2023. Photo by MOHAMMED SABER/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock In recent days, my ...

Forbes contributors publish independent expert analyses and insights. Jill Goldenziel writes & consults on security, law, & business risk. Proportionality in war does not mean balancing number of ...

In early June, Israel carried out a daring rescue, freeing four hostages who had been taken and held for eight months by Hamas and, in flagrant violation of international law, embedding the hostages ...

The hoary doctrine of “proportionality” from the “just war” theory is being sorely tested by the wars in the Middle East and Ukraine. The premise of this theory, as first expounded in the West by ...

Robert Goldman does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond ...