When building an atom, pay close attention to the particles' electrical charges. Protons have a charge of +1. Electrons have a charge of -1. Neutrons are neutral, as its name implies.

An alternative way is called the bottom-up approach. The idea is to build up nanoelectronic devices atom by atom on a computer, and predict the transport behavior from first principles.

Chemistry Atom-by-atom recordings track what happens after substances dissolve Solvation is the complicated process through which a dissolved substance like salt interacts with a solvent like ...